Human Resource Schema Of Oracle Database

Here are queries and pl/sql programs related to tables in HR account of Oracle Database.

If you have any other queries, please mail them to srikanthpragada@yahoo.com, I will try to add them to the list.

The following is the structure of the tables provided by Oracle in Human Resource Schema (HR).

HR Schema Tables
Note: Columns in RED color indicate primary key(s).

The following are queries and answers related to the above tables.

  1. Display employees who joined in 2000 and doing job that has maximum salary more than 10000.
    select  first_name,job_id,salary, hire_date
    from employees
    where to_char(hire_date,'yyyy') = 2000
     and job_id in ( select job_id from jobs where max_salary > 10000)
    
  2. Display departments where the name of the manager is MICHAEL.
    select * from departments
    where manager_id in
      (select employee_id
       from employees where  upper(first_name) like '%MICHAEL%')
    
  3. Display jobs where the minimum salary is less than salary of employee 105.
    select * from jobs where min_salary <
     (select salary from employees
      where employee_id = 105)
    
  4. Display employees who have underscore in their email address
    select * from employees where email like '%\_%' ESCAPE '\' 
  5. Display employee name and manager name of the employee.
    select e1.first_name Employee, e2.first_name Manager from employees e1, employees e2
    where  e1.manager_id  = e2.employee_id
    
  6. Display number of employees joined in each year into department 30.
    select to_char(hire_date,'yyyy') , count(*) from employees
    where department_id = 30
    group by to_char(hire_date,'yyyy');
    
  7. Display job id, department id and sum of salary by including al possible dimensions.
    select department_id department, job_id job, sum(salary) TotalSalary
    from employees
    group by cube( department_id, job_id)
    order by department_id, job_id;
    
  8. Display employee name and job title of jobs where salary of employee is between minimum and maximum salary for job.
    select first_name, job_title
    from employees e, jobs j
    where salary between min_salary and max_salary
    order by first_name;
    
  9. Display how many employees have commission percentage and how many do not have.
    select    count(commission_pct)  NoEmployeesWithCommission,
              count(*) - count(commission_pct)  NoEmployeesWithoutCommssion
    from employees
    
  10. Display first name, job title, department name of employees who joined on 28th Feb.
    select first_name, job_title, department_name
    from employees e, jobs j, departments d
    where e.job_id = j.job_id and e.department_id = d.department_id
    and  to_char(hire_date,'ddmm') = '2802';
    
  11. Display details of jobs where the minimum salary is greater than 10000.
    SELECT * FROM JOBS WHERE MIN_SALARY > 10000
    
  12. Display the first name and join date of the employees who joined between 2002 and 2005.
    SELECT FIRST_NAME, HIRE_DATE FROM EMPLOYEES
    WHERE TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE, 'YYYY') BETWEEN 2002 AND 2005 ORDER BY HIRE_DATE
    
  13. Display first name and join date of the employees who is either IT Programmer or Sales Man.
    SELECT FIRST_NAME, HIRE_DATE
    FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE JOB_ID IN ('IT_PROG', 'SA_MAN')
    
  14. Display employees who joined after 1st January 2008.
    SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES  where hire_date > '01-jan-2008' 
  15. Display details of employee with ID 150 or 160.
    SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID in (150,160)
  16. Display first name, salary, commission pct, and hire date for employees with salary less than 10000.
    SELECT FIRST_NAME, SALARY, COMMISSION_PCT, HIRE_DATE FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY < 10000
  17. Display job Title, the difference between minimum and maximum salaries for jobs with max salary in the range 10000 to 20000.
    SELECT JOB_TITLE, MAX_SALARY-MIN_SALARY DIFFERENCE FROM JOBS WHERE MAX_SALARY BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000
  18. Display first name, salary, and round the salary to thousands.
    SELECT FIRST_NAME, SALARY, ROUND(SALARY, -3) FROM EMPLOYEES
  19. Display details of jobs in the descending order of the title.
    SELECT * FROM JOBS ORDER BY JOB_TITLE
  20. Display employees where the first name or last name starts with S.
    SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE  FIRST_NAME  LIKE 'S%' OR LAST_NAME LIKE 'S%'
  21. Display employees who joined in the month of May.
    SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE, 'MON')= 'MAY'
  22. Display details of the employees where commission percentage is null and salary in the range 5000 to 10000 and department is 30.
    SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE COMMISSION_PCT IS NULL AND SALARY BETWEEN 5000 AND 10000 AND DEPARTMENT_ID=30
  23. Display first name and date of first salary of the employees.
    SELECT FIRST_NAME, HIRE_DATE, LAST_DAY(HIRE_DATE)+1 FROM EMPLOYEES
  24. Display first name and experience of the employees.
    SELECT FIRST_NAME, HIRE_DATE, FLOOR((SYSDATE-HIRE_DATE)/365)FROM EMPLOYEES
  25. Display first name of employees who joined in 2001.
    SELECT FIRST_NAME, HIRE_DATE FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE, 'YYYY')=2001
  26. Display first name and last name after converting the first letter of each name to upper case and the rest to lower case.
    SELECT INITCAP(FIRST_NAME), INITCAP(LAST_NAME) FROM EMPLOYEES
  27. Display the first word in job title.
    SELECT JOB_TITLE,  SUBSTR(JOB_TITLE,1, INSTR(JOB_TITLE || ' ', ' ')-1) FROM JOBS
  28. Display the length of first name for employees where last name contain character ‘b’ after 3rd position.
    SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE INSTR(LAST_NAME,'B') > 3
  29. Display first name in upper case and email address in lower case for employees where the first name and email address are same irrespective of the case.
    SELECT UPPER(FIRST_NAME), LOWER(EMAIL) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE UPPER(FIRST_NAME)= UPPER(EMAIL)
  30. Display employees who joined in the current year.
    SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'YYYY')=TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'YYYY')
  31. Display the number of days between system date and 1st January 2011.
    SELECT SYSDATE - to_date('01-jan-2011') FROM DUAL
  32. Display how many employees joined in each month of the current year.
    SELECT TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'MM'), COUNT (*) FROM EMPLOYEES
    WHERE TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'YYYY')= TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YYYY') GROUP BY TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'MM') 
  33. Display manager ID and number of employees managed by the manager.
     SELECT MANAGER_ID, COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEES GROUP BY MANAGER_ID
  34. Display employee ID and the date on which he ended his previous job.
     SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, MAX(END_DATE) FROM JOB_HISTORY GROUP BY EMPLOYEE_ID
  35. Display number of employees joined after 15th of the month.
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'DD') > 15
  36. Display the country ID and number of cities we have in the country.
    SELECT COUNTRY_ID,  COUNT(*)  FROM LOCATIONS GROUP BY COUNTRY_ID
  37. Display average salary of employees in each department who have commission percentage.
    SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID, AVG(SALARY) FROM EMPLOYEES
    WHERE COMMISSION_PCT IS NOT NULL GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_ID
    
  38. Display job ID, number of employees, sum of salary, and difference between highest salary and lowest salary of the employees of the job.
    SELECT JOB_ID, COUNT(*), SUM(SALARY), MAX(SALARY)-MIN(SALARY) SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES GROUP BY JOB_ID
  39. Display job ID for jobs with average salary more than 10000.
    SELECT JOB_ID, AVG(SALARY) FROM EMPLOYEES
    GROUP BY JOB_ID
    HAVING AVG(SALARY)>10000
    
  40. Display years in which more than 10 employees joined.
    SELECT TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'YYYY') FROM EMPLOYEES
    GROUP BY TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'YYYY')
    HAVING COUNT(EMPLOYEE_ID) > 10
    
  41. Display departments in which more than five employees have commission percentage.
    SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMPLOYEES
    WHERE COMMISSION_PCT IS NOT NULL
    GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_ID
    HAVING COUNT(COMMISSION_PCT)>5
  42. Display employee ID for employees who did more than one job in the past.
    SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID FROM JOB_HISTORY GROUP BY EMPLOYEE_ID HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
  43. Display job ID of jobs that were done by more than 3 employees for more than 100 days.
    SELECT JOB_ID FROM JOB_HISTORY
    WHERE END_DATE-START_DATE > 100
    GROUP BY JOB_ID
    HAVING COUNT(*)>3
    
  44. Display department ID, year, and Number of employees joined.
    SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID, TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'YYYY'), COUNT(EMPLOYEE_ID)
    FROM EMPLOYEES
    GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_ID, TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE, 'YYYY')
    ORDER BY DEPARTMENT_ID
  45. Display departments where any manager is managing more than 5 employees.
    SELECT DISTINCT DEPARTMENT_ID
    FROM EMPLOYEES
    GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_ID, MANAGER_ID
    HAVING COUNT(EMPLOYEE_ID) > 5
    
  46. Change salary of employee 115 to 8000 if the existing salary is less than 6000.
    UPDATE EMPLOYEES SET SALARY = 8000 WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID = 115 AND SALARY < 6000
  47. Insert a new employee into employees with all the required details.
    INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES  (EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, EMAIL, PHONE_NUMBER, HIRE_DATE,JOB_ID, SALARY, DEPARTMENT_ID)
    VALUES (207, 'ANGELA', 'SNYDER','ANGELA','215 253 4737', SYSDATE, 'SA_MAN', 12000, 80)
  48. Delete department 20.
    DELETE FROM DEPARTMENTS WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=20
  49. Change job ID of employee 110 to IT_PROG if the employee belongs to department 10 and the existing job ID does not start with IT.
    UPDATE EMPLOYEES SET JOB_ID= 'IT_PROG'
    WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID=110 AND DEPARTMENT_ID=10 AND NOT JOB_ID LIKE 'IT%' 
  50. Insert a row into departments table with manager ID 120 and location ID in any location ID for city Tokyo.
    INSERT INTO DEPARTMENTS (150,'SPORTS',120,1200)
  51. Display department name and number of employees in the department.
    SELECT DEPARTMENT_NAME, COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEES JOIN DEPARTMENTS USING (DEPARTMENT_ID) GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_NAME
  52. Display job title, employee ID, number of days between ending date and starting date for all jobs in department 30 from job history.
    SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, JOB_TITLE, END_DATE-START_DATE DAYS
    FROM JOB_HISTORY NATURAL JOIN JOBS
    WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=30
  53. Display department name and manager first name.
    SELECT DEPARTMENT_NAME, FIRST_NAME FROM DEPARTMENTS D JOIN EMPLOYEES E ON (D.MANAGER_ID=E.EMPLOYEE_ID)
  54. Display department name, manager name, and city.
    SELECT DEPARTMENT_NAME, FIRST_NAME, CITY FROM DEPARTMENTS D JOIN EMPLOYEES E ON (D.MANAGER_ID=E.EMPLOYEE_ID)
    JOIN LOCATIONS L USING (LOCATION_ID)
  55. Display country name, city, and department name.
    SELECT COUNTRY_NAME, CITY, DEPARTMENT_NAME
    FROM COUNTRIES JOIN LOCATIONS USING (COUNTRY_ID)
    JOIN DEPARTMENTS USING (LOCATION_ID)
  56. Display job title, department name, employee last name, starting date for all jobs from 2000 to 2005.
    SELECT JOB_TITLE, DEPARTMENT_NAME, LAST_NAME, START_DATE
    FROM JOB_HISTORY JOIN JOBS USING (JOB_ID) JOIN DEPARTMENTS
    USING (DEPARTMENT_ID) JOIN  EMPLOYEES USING (EMPLOYEE_ID)
    WHERE TO_CHAR(START_DATE,'YYYY') BETWEEN 2000 AND 2005
    
  57. Display job title and average salary of employees
    SELECT JOB_TITLE, AVG(SALARY) FROM EMPLOYEES
    NATURAL JOIN JOBS GROUP BY JOB_TITLE
    
  58. Display job title, employee name, and the difference between maximum salary for the job and salary of the employee.
    SELECT JOB_TITLE, FIRST_NAME, MAX_SALARY-SALARY DIFFERENCE FROM EMPLOYEES NATURAL JOIN JOBS
  59. Display last name, job title of employees who have commission percentage and belongs to department 30.
    SELECT JOB_TITLE, FIRST_NAME, MAX_SALARY-SALARY DIFFERENCE FROM EMPLOYEES NATURAL JOIN JOBS WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID  = 30
    
  60. Display details of jobs that were done by any employee who is currently drawing more than 15000 of salary.
    SELECT JH.*
    FROM  JOB_HISTORY JH JOIN EMPLOYEES E ON (JH.EMPLOYEE_ID = E.EMPLOYEE_ID)
    WHERE SALARY > 15000
    
  61. Display department name, manager name, and salary of the manager for all managers whose experience is more than 5 years.
    SELECT DEPARTMENT_NAME, FIRST_NAME, SALARY
    FROM DEPARTMENTS D JOIN EMPLOYEES E ON (D.MANAGER_ID=E.MANAGER_ID)
    WHERE  (SYSDATE-HIRE_DATE) / 365 > 5
    
  62. Display employee name if the employee joined before his manager.
    SELECT FIRST_NAME FROM  EMPLOYEES E1 JOIN EMPLOYEES E2 ON (E1.MANAGER_ID=E2.EMPLOYEE_ID)
    WHERE E1.HIRE_DATE < E2.HIRE_DATE
    
  63. Display employee name, job title for the jobs employee did in the past where the job was done less than six months.
    SELECT FIRST_NAME, JOB_TITLE FROM EMPLOYEES E JOIN JOB_HISTORY  JH ON (JH.EMPLOYEE_ID = E.EMPLOYEE_ID)
    JOIN JOBS J  ON( JH.JOB_ID = J.JOB_ID) WHERE  MONTHS_BETWEEN(END_DATE,START_DATE)  < 6
    
  64. Display employee name and country in which he is working.
    SELECT FIRST_NAME, COUNTRY_NAME FROM EMPLOYEES JOIN DEPARTMENTS USING(DEPARTMENT_ID)
    JOIN LOCATIONS USING( LOCATION_ID)
    JOIN COUNTRIES USING ( COUNTRY_ID)
    
  65. Display department name, average salary and number of employees with commission within the department.
    SELECT DEPARTMENT_NAME, AVG(SALARY), COUNT(COMMISSION_PCT)
    FROM DEPARTMENTS JOIN EMPLOYEES USING (DEPARTMENT_ID)
    GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_NAME
    
  66. Display the month in which more than 5 employees joined in any department located in Sydney.
    SELECT TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'MON-YY')
    FROM EMPLOYEES JOIN DEPARTMENTS USING (DEPARTMENT_ID) JOIN  LOCATIONS USING (LOCATION_ID)
    WHERE  CITY = 'Seattle'
    GROUP BY TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'MON-YY')
    HAVING COUNT(*) > 5
    
  67. Display details of departments in which the maximum salary is more than 10000.
    SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENTS WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID IN
    ( SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMPLOYEES
      GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_ID
      HAVING MAX(SALARY)>10000)
    
  68. Display details of departments managed by ‘Smith’.
    SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENTS WHERE MANAGER_ID IN
      (SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE FIRST_NAME='SMITH')
  69. Display jobs into which employees joined in the current year.
    SELECT * FROM JOBS WHERE JOB_ID IN
           (SELECT JOB_ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'YYYY')=TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YYYY'))
    
  70. Display employees who did not do any job in the past.
    SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID NOT IN
           (SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID FROM JOB_HISTORY)
    
  71. Display job title and average salary for employees who did a job in the past.
    SELECT JOB_TITLE, AVG(SALARY) FROM JOBS NATURAL JOIN EMPLOYEES
    GROUP BY JOB_TITLE
    WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID IN
        (SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID FROM JOB_HISTORY)
    
  72. Display country name, city, and number of departments where department has more than 5 employees.
    SELECT COUNTRY_NAME, CITY, COUNT(DEPARTMENT_ID)
    FROM COUNTRIES JOIN LOCATIONS USING (COUNTRY_ID) JOIN DEPARTMENTS USING (LOCATION_ID)
    WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID IN
       (SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMPLOYEES
        GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_ID
        HAVING COUNT(DEPARTMENT_ID)>5)
    GROUP BY COUNTRY_NAME, CITY;
    
  73. Display details of manager who manages more than 5 employees.
    SELECT FIRST_NAME FROM EMPLOYEES
    WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID IN
    (SELECT MANAGER_ID FROM EMPLOYEES
     GROUP BY MANAGER_ID
     HAVING COUNT(*)>5)
     
  74. Display employee name, job title, start date, and end date of past jobs of all employees with commission percentage null.
    SELECT FIRST_NAME, JOB_TITLE, START_DATE, END_DATE
    FROM JOB_HISTORY JH JOIN JOBS J USING (JOB_ID) JOIN EMPLOYEES E  ON ( JH.EMPLOYEE_ID = E.EMPLOYEE_ID)
    WHERE COMMISSION_PCT IS NULL
    
  75. Display the departments into which no employee joined in last two years.
    SELECT  * FROM DEPARTMENTS
    WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID NOT IN
    (SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE FLOOR((SYSDATE-HIRE_DATE)/365) < 2) 
  76. Display the details of departments in which the max salary is greater than 10000 for employees who did a job in the past.
    SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENTS
    WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID IN
    (SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMPLOYEES
     WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID IN (SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID FROM JOB_HISTORY)
     GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_ID
     HAVING MAX(SALARY) >10000)
    
  77. Display details of current job for employees who worked as IT Programmers in the past.
    SELECT * FROM JOBS
    WHERE JOB_ID IN
     (SELECT JOB_ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID IN
            (SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID FROM JOB_HISTORY WHERE JOB_ID='IT_PROG'))
    
  78. Display the details of employees drawing the highest salary in the department.
    SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID,FIRST_NAME, SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES OUTER WHERE SALARY =
        (SELECT MAX(SALARY) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID = OUTER.DEPARTMENT_ID)
    
  79. Display the city of employee whose employee ID is 105.
    SELECT CITY FROM LOCATIONS WHERE LOCATION_ID =
        (SELECT LOCATION_ID FROM DEPARTMENTS WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID =
            (SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID=105)
        )
    
  80. Display third highest salary of all employees
    select salary
    from employees main
    where  2 = (select count( distinct salary )
                from employees
                where  salary > main.salary)
    
The following are PL/SQL anonymous blocks, procedures, functions and triggers.

  1. Write a program to interchange the salaries of employee 120 and 122.
    Declare
       V_salary_120   employees.salary%type;
    Begin
      Select  salary into v_salary_120
      From employees where  employee_id = 120;
    
      Update employees set salary  = ( select salary from employees where employee_id = 122)
      Where employee_id = 120;
    
      Update employees set salary  =  v_salary_120  Where employee_id = 122;
    
      Commit;
    End;
    
  2. Increase the salary of employee 115 based on the following conditions: If experience is more than 10 years, increase salary by 20% If experience is greater than 5 years, increase salary by 10% Otherwise 5% Case by Expression.
    declare
        v_exp  number(2);
        v_hike number(5,2);
    begin
        select  floor((sysdate-hire_date) / 365 ) into v_exp
        from employees
        where employee_id = 115;
    
        v_hike := 1.05;
    
        case
          when  v_exp > 10 then
                v_hike := 1.20;
          when  v_exp > 5  then
                v_hike := 1.10;
        end case;
    
        update employees set salary = salary * v_hike
        where employee_id = 115;
    end;
    
  3. Change commission percentage as follows for employee with ID = 150. If salary is more than 10000 then commission is 0.4%, if Salary is less than 10000 but experience is more than 10 years then 0.35%, if salary is less than 3000 then commission is 0.25%. In the remaining cases commission is 0.15%.
    declare
        v_salary  employees.salary%type;
        v_exp     number(2);
        v_cp      number(5,2);
    begin
        select  v_salary,  floor ( (sysdate-hire_date)/365) into v_salary, v_exp
        from  employees
        where employee_id = 150;
    
        if v_salary > 10000 then
               v_cp := 0.4;
        elsif  v_exp > 10 then
               v_cp := 0.35;
        elsif  v_salary < 3000 then
               v_cp := 0.25;
        else
               v_cp := 0.15;
    
        end if;
    
        update employees set commission_pct = v_cp
        where employee_id = 150;
    end;
    
  4. Find out the name of the employee and name of the department for the employee who is managing for employee 103.
    declare
        v_name     employees.first_name%type;
        v_deptname departments.department_name%type;
    begin
        select  first_name , department_name into v_name, v_deptname
        from  employees join departments using (department_id)
        where employee_id = ( select manager_id from employees    where employee_id = 103);
    
        dbms_output.put_line(v_name);
        dbms_output.put_line(v_deptname);
    
    end;
    
  5. Display missing employee IDs.
  6. declare
         v_min  number(3);
         v_max  number(3);
         v_c    number(1);
    begin
         select min(employee_id), max(employee_id) into v_min, v_max
         from employees;
    
         for i in  v_min + 1 .. v_max - 1
         loop
               select count(*) into v_c
               from employees
               where employee_id = i;
    
               if  v_c = 0 then
                    dbms_output.put_line(i);
               end if;
        end loop;
    
    end;
    
  7. Display the year in which maximum number of employees joined along with how many joined in each month in that year.
    declare
          v_year  number(4);
          v_c     number(2);
    begin
          select  to_char(hire_date,'yyyy') into v_year
          from  employees
          group by to_char(hire_date,'yyyy')
          having count(*) =
                 ( select  max( count(*))
                   from  employees
                   group by to_char(hire_date,'yyyy'));
    
          dbms_output.put_line('Year : ' || v_year);
    
          for month in 1 .. 12
          loop
              select  count(*) into v_c
              from employees
              where  to_char(hire_date,'mm') = month and to_char(hire_date,'yyyy') = v_year;
    
              dbms_output.put_line('Month : ' || to_char(month) || ' Employees : ' || to_char(v_c));
    
         end loop;
    end;
    
  8. Change salary of employee 130 to the salary of the employee with first name ‘Joe’. If Joe is not found then take average salary of all employees. If more than one employee with first name ‘Joe’ is found then take the least salary of the employees with first name Joe.
    declare
        v_salary  employees.salary%type;
    begin
         select salary into v_salary
         from employees where first_name = 'Joe';
    
         update employees set salary = v_salary
         where employee_id = 130;
    exception
         when no_data_found then
           update employees set salary = (select avg(salary) from employees)
         where employee_id = 130;
    end;
    
  9. Display Job Title and Name of the Employee who joined the job first day.
    declare
           cursor  jobscur is select  job_id, job_title from jobs;
    	   v_name  employees.first_name%type;
    begin
           for jobrec in jobscur
    	   loop
    	         select first_name into v_name
                 from employees
                 where hire_date = ( select min(hire_date) from employees where job_id = jobrec.job_id)
    			 and  job_id = jobrec.job_id;
    
                 dbms_output.put_line( jobrec.job_title || '-' || v_name);
    	   end loop;
    end;
    
  10. Display 5th and 10th employees in Employees table.
    declare
         cursor empcur is
            select employee_id, first_name
            from employees;
    begin
         for emprec  in empcur
         loop
             if empcur%rowcount > 4 then
                  dbms_output.put_line( emprec.first_name);
                  exit  when   empcur%rowcount > 10;
             end if;
         end loop;
    end;
    
  11. Update salary of an employee based on department and commission percentage. If department is 40 increase salary by 10%. If department is 70 then 15%, if commission is more than .3% then 5% otherwise 10%.
    declare
        cursor empcur is
         select employee_id, department_id, commission_pct
         from employees;
        v_hike  number(2);
    begin
        for emprec in empcur
        loop
             if  emprec.department_id = 40 then
                  v_hike := 10;
             elsif emprec.department_id = 70 then
                  v_hike := 15;
             elsif emprec.commission_pct  > 0.30 then
                  v_hike := 5;
             else
                  v_hike := 10;
             end if;
    
             update employees set salary = salary + salary * v_hike/100
             where employee_id = emprec.employee_id;
        end loop;
    end;
    
  12. Create a function that takes department ID and returns the name of the manager of the department.
    create or replace function get_dept_manager_name(deptid number)
    return varchar is
       v_name  employees.first_name%type;
    begin
       select first_name into v_name
       from employees
       where  employee_id = ( select manager_id from departments where department_id = deptid);
    
       return v_name;
    end;
    
  13. Create a function that takes employee ID and return the number of jobs done by the employee in the past.
    create or replace function get_no_of_jobs_done(empid number)
    return number is
       v_count  number(2);
    begin
       select count(*) into v_count
       from job_history
       where  employee_id = empid;
    
       return v_count;
    end;
    
  14. Create a procedure that takes department ID and changes the manager ID for the department to the employee in the department with highest salary. (Use Exceptions).
    create or replace procedure change_dept_manager(deptid number)
    is
       v_empid  employees.employee_id%type;
    begin
       select employee_id  into v_empid
       from employees
       where  salary = ( select max(salary) from employees where department_id = deptid)
         and department_id = deptid;
    
       update departments set manager_id = v_empid
       where  department_id = deptid;
    end;
    
  15. Create a function that takes a manager ID and return the names of employees who report to this manager. The names must be returned as a string with comma separating names.
    create or replace function get_employees_for_manager(manager number)
    return varchar2
    is
       v_employees varchar2(1000) := '';
       cursor empcur is
          select  first_name from employees
          where   manager_id = manager;
    begin
    
         for emprec in empcur
         loop
             v_employees :=  v_employees ||  ',' || emprec.first_name;
         end loop;
         -- remove extra  , at the beginning
         return  ltrim(v_employees,',');
    end;
    
  16. Ensure no changes can be made to EMPLOYEES table before 6am and after 10pm in a day.
    create or replace trigger  trg_employees_time_check
    before update or insert or delete
    on employees
    for each row
    begin
       if  to_char(sysdate,'hh24') < 6 or to_char(sysdate,'hh24') > 10 then
             raise_application_error(-20111,'Sorry! No change can be made before 6 AM and after 10 PM');
       end if;
    end;
    
  17. Create a Trigger to ensure the salary of the employee is not decreased.
    create or replace trigger  trg_employees_salary_check
    before update
    on employees
    for each row
    begin
       if  :old.salary > :new.salary then
             raise_application_error(-20111,'Sorry! Salary can not be decreased!');
       end if;
    end;
    
  18. Create a trigger to ensure the employee and manager belongs to the same department.
    Note: 
    This trigger needs to read the row that is being modified, which causes mutating problem.
    The solution to mutating problem is explained at Work
        around for mutating problem in Oracle Triggers.
    Please check it out.
    
  19. Whenever the job is changed for an employee write the following details into job history. Employee ID, old job ID, old department ID, hire date of the employee for start date, system date for end date. But if a row is already present for employee job history then the start date should be the end date of that row +1.
    create or replace trigger trg_log_job_change
    after update of job_id
    on employees
    for each row
    declare
        v_enddate   date;
        v_startdate date;
    begin
       -- find out whether the employee has any row in job_history table
       select max(end_date) into v_enddate
       from job_history
       where employee_id = :old.employee_id;
    
       if v_enddate is null then
          v_startdate := :old.hire_date;
       else
          v_startdate := v_enddate + 1;
       end if;
    
       insert into  job_history values (:old.employee_id, v_startdate, sysdate, :old.job_id, :old.department_id);
    end;
    
    Note: Before testing the above trigger, you need to disable UPDATE_JOB_HISTORY trigger, which is already present in HR account, as it does the same.